NOVEL THINKING

Einstein sought a theory of gravitation compatible with special relativity, and it was this that led him to general relativity. This capacity of science to adapt itself - its aims and methods (its philosophy of science) - to what it finds out about the universe is, according to AOE, the methodological key to the astonishing progressive success of science. Historicist theories of rationality. Physicalism is the key, persisting thesis of the entire research programme of theoretical physics since Galileo, and no obvious rival thesis, at that level of generality, can be substituted for physicalism in this research programme. Criticizing physicalism, at level 4, may also be fruitful for physics, but (the conjecture of AOE is) that this is not as likely to be as fruitful as criticism at level 3. (1987) A Realistic Theory of Science, Albany, State University of New York Press.Howson, C. and Urbach, P. (1993) Scientific Reasoning, La Salle: Open Court.Hull, D. L., (1988) Science as a Process, Chicago: University of Chicago Press. "The owl of Minerva flies at dusk", as Lakatos put it, echoing Hegel. AOE does not, however, break with the spirit of Popper's work; far from committing the Popperian sin of "justificationism", AOE is even more Popperian than Popper, in that it is a conception of science which exposes more to effective criticism than falsificationism does.
In this way we recover the form of K from NT. My inductive principle tries to explain why we 'play' the game of science. The problem is that science is a way of knowing, but not the only way of knowing. I think that’s a nonsensical question. Popper, indeed, tends to argue that there is unity of method, not only in natural science, but across the whole of science, including social science as well: see Popper (1961). (4) M1 may be preferred to M2 on the grounds that it gives greater promise of supporting an empirically progressive research programme.

It was Einstein who first recognized that Planck's work spelled the downfall of classical physics; but general recognition of this only came later, probably with Bohr's quantum theory of the atom, around 1913. [20] Scientific practice seems almost to refute Lakatos's view.But it does not refute AOE. [Back to Top] ReferencesCartwright, N. (1999) The Dappled World, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Dupré, J., (1995) The Disorder of Things, Cambridge, Mass. 118-123; 2005, pp. Bare falsificationism fails dramatically to do justice to the way theories are selected in science (entirely independently of any question of verification, justification or falsification). But it is precisely here that Kuhn's claim turns out to be seriously inadequate. Dressed falsificationism acknowledge (correctly) that two considerations govern selection of theory in science, namely considerations that have to do with (a) evidence, and (b) simplicity. Is ANT valid?

Given the one-thesis view, it must remain entirely uncertain as to what the one thesis should be. AOE makes explicit what is at present only implicit. As long as your arguments show you have taken on board Kuhn's ideas, it really does not matter whether I agree with your conclusions or not. 131-152.________ (1974) "The Rationality of Scientific Discovery", Philosophy of Science 41, pp. But AOE is also more Popperian than Popper in insisting we need to exploit criticism critically, so that it furthers, and does not sabotage, the growth of knowledge. In particular, physicalism is. 160-174).5. Second, the improved view, namely AOE, that emerges from the criticism to be expounded here, has been entirely overlooked by the body of literature discussing and criticizing Popper, Kuhn and Lakatos. Let me paraphrase this view in such a way that it fits the view of logical positivism: Science is the only way to the truth. In leaving the non ad hoc metaphysical assumption implicit in the adoption of the methodological principle of simplicity, dressed falsificationism protects this substantial, influential and highly problematic assumption from criticism, from the active consideration of alternatives. Diversity of Scientific Method. AOE can do justice to the diversity of methods to be found in diverse sciences, without underlying unity and rationality being sacrificed.It is important to appreciate, first, that different branches of the natural sciences are not isolated from one another: they form an interconnected whole, from theoretical physics to molecular biology, neurology and the study of animal behaviour. To argue that these silly theories, refuting instances of his methodology, do not matter and can be discounted, is all too close to a scientist arguing that evidence, that refutes his theory, should be discounted, something which Popper resoundingly condemns. [Saying that philosophy and social science is less rigourous that physical science kind of misses the whole point, doesn’t it, Cormac? By refusing to reject a paradigm until the limits of its successes have been reached, scientists put themselves into a much better position to develop and apply a new paradigm. These provide severe constraints on what theories are acceptable that are not straightforwardly empirical,[17] something that is not possible given the views of Popper or Lakatos[18] (or even Kuhn).Lakatos and AOE have very different motivations for taking scientific research programmes so seriously. Kuhn, like Popper, provides no account of the creation of new paradigms. What this amounts to is that the universe is such that some yet-to-be-discovered unified physical theory of everything is true. One would think there was plenty of scope, here, for auxiliary hypotheses to be invented to salvage parity from refutation. McAllister, J. W. (1996) Beauty and Revolution in Science, Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Miller, D. (1974) "Popper's Qualitative Theory of Verisimilitude", The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 25, pp. 63-6 and 151-2). They were quite helpful in synthesizing a large body of work by each scholar. By 1890, NT had been refuted by observation of the precession of the perihelion of the orbit of Mercury; attempts to salvage NT by postulating an additional planet, Vulcan, had failed.

This was decisively refuted by Wu et al. Acceptance of such theories is justified (according to falsificationism) because it promotes error detection and progress.[9]. In order to concoct a (grossly ad hoc) rival to NT, just as empirically successful as NT, all we need do is identify some region in this space that includes no prediction of NT that has been verified, and then modify the laws of NT arbitrarily, for just that identified region. The results of one science become a part of the presuppositions of another, implicit in the aims of the other science (equivalent to the level 3 blueprint of physics, or the level 4 thesis of physicalism). A new paradigm is proposed, which does resolve these recalcitrant anomalies, but which may not, initially, successfully predict all that the old paradigm predicted.
[Back to Top] 7 Thomas KuhnAs I remarked in section 1 above, the main difference between Kuhn's (1962, 1970) picture of science and Popper's is that, whereas Kuhn stresses that, within normal science, paradigms are dogmatically protected from refutation, from criticism, Popper holds that theories must always be subjected to severe attempted refutation. We can always concoct new theories, in the way just indicated, doctored to yield the "correct" predictions. A rival blueprint, B*, might be such that the series T1, T2...Tn moves further and further away from B*: this would mean that B* is empirically sterile. But if Popper's doctrine is interpreted in this way, it immediately fails to overcome the objections spelled out in section 3 above. Falsificationism, lacking this hierarchical structure, cannot begin to do justice to this key feature of scientific method, diversity at one level, unity at another; nor can it begin to do justice to the rational need for this feature of scientific method.There is a further, important point. What precisely ought this assumption to be interpreted to be asserting about the universe? Maxwellian classical electrodynamics, (CEM), unifies electricity, magnetism and light (plus radio, infra red, ultra violet, X and gamma rays). Unquestionably, the history of science reveals that competing research programmes have, on occasions existed. See also this assessment of several topics from the book. T1, B1, T2 and B2 can all be assessed from the standpoint of adequacy in exemplifying physicalism.

It’s like saying, “The only knowledge worth having is the knowledge that we can be sure we know.” Leaving aside for the moment the debate on the social construction of facts, the reason we have social science and philosophy isn’t to get at “the truth,” but to be able to think more critically about the structure of our (sociotechnical) world. I now expound AOE (in a little more detail than the introductory exposition of section 1) and indicate how it solves the two problems just mentioned; I indicate further how it solves the methodological problem of induction and the related problem of simplicity, and then consider possible objections.As far as the first of the above two problems is concerned, a wide range of metaphysical theses are available. In the solar system the planets is 1% of the total mass, in the atom the electrons are 1% of the total mass,conclusion the solar system is an atom or a mole-kyle in macro cosmos and we are living on an electron!

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