NOVEL THINKING

[312] A similar trend can be seen at Rothesay where William Burges renovated the older castle to produce a more "authentic" design, heavily influenced by the work of the French architect Eugène Viollet-le-Duc. [281] In some cases the countryside surrounding existing castles was remodelled to highlight the ruins, as at Henderskelfe Castle, or at "Capability" Brown's reworking of Wardour Castle. [167] They marked what historian Anthony Emery has described as a "second peak of castle building in England and Wales", after the Edwardian designs at the end of the 14th century. English Civil War Fortifications 1642–51. Stell, p. 278; Reid, p. 12; Tabraham, p. 67.

There has been some debate over the absence of indigenous Irish castle building. An Taisce, the National Trust for Ireland, A photo record of Castles in England, Scotland, Wales and Ireland, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Castles_in_Great_Britain_and_Ireland&oldid=981711321, Lists of tourist attractions in the United Kingdom, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Abels, Richard Philip and Bernard S. Bachrach. Most famously though, it was at Dunnottar Castle that a small garrison held out against the might of Cromwell’s army for eight months. [337] Similar organisations exist in Scotland, where the National Trust for Scotland was established 1931, and in Ireland, where An Taisce was created in 1948 to working alongside the Irish Ministry of Works to maintain castles and other sites. Roaring Meg: Test Firing a Copy of Colonel Birch's Civil War Mortar. This was particularly in the period of 1646 to 1651, with a peak in 1647. [172] As a result, early cannon proved most useful for defence, particularly against infantry assaults or to fire at the crews of enemy trebuchets. [113] These arrow slits were combined with firing positions from the tops of the towers, initially protected by wooden hoarding until stone machicolations were introduced in England in the late 13th century. [6] These include Hereford, Clavering, Richard's Castle and possibly Ewyas Harold Castle and Dover.

[84] David I of Scotland spent time at the court of Henry I in the south, until he became the Earl of Huntingdon, and returned to Scotland with the intention of extending royal power across the country and modernising Scotland's military technology, including the introduction of castles.

Such structures were, however, beyond the means of all but royalty and the richest of the late-medieval barons.

Understanding the Castle Ruins of England and Wales: How to Interpret the History and Meaning of Masonry and Earthworks, Twelfth Century Great Towers – The Case for the Defence. Listed Buildings, Conservation Areas and Monuments. [317] One result of public pressure was the passing of the Ancient Monuments Protection Act 1882, but the provisions of the act focused on unoccupied prehistoric structures and medieval buildings such as castles were exempted from it leaving no legal protection. [217] In Ireland the growth of tower houses during the 15th century mirrors the rise of cattle herding and the resulting wealth that this brought to many of the lesser lords in Ireland. [180] By the 15th century only Windsor, Leeds, Rockingham and Moor End were kept up as comfortable accommodation; Nottingham and York formed the backbone for royal authority in the north, and Chester, Gloucester and Bristol forming the equivalents in the west. [20][nb 2] Some groups of castles were located so as to be mutually reinforcing – for example the castles of Littledean Camp, Glasshouse Woods and Howle Hill Camp were intended to act as an integrated defence for the area around Gloucester and Gloucester Castle for Gloucester city itself, while Windsor was one of a ring of castles built around London, each approximately a day's march apart. [290] Paintings in this style usually portrayed castles as indistinct, faintly coloured objects in the distance; in writing, the picturesque account eschewed detail in favour of bold first impressions on the sense. [309] Design manuals were published offering details of how to recreate the appearance of an original Gothic castles in a new build, leading to a flurry of work, such as Eastnor in 1815, the fake Norman castle of Penrhyn between 1827 and 1837 and the imitation Edwardian castle of Goodrich Court in 1828. "The Furie of the Ordnance": Artillery in the English Civil Wars.

[232], Nonetheless, improved gunpowder artillery played a part in the reconquest of Ireland in the 1530s, where the successful English siege of Maynooth Castle in 1530 demonstrated the power of the new siege guns. The Crown was increasingly selective about which royal castles it maintained, with others left to decay. By the 1740s Windsor Castle had become an early tourist attraction; wealthier visitors who could afford to pay the castle keeper could enter, see curiosities such as the castle's narwhal horn, and by the 1750s buy the first guidebooks. [57], A number of royal castles were linked to forests and other key resources. [7][nb 1], William, Duke of Normandy, invaded England in 1066 and one of his first actions after landing was to build Hastings Castle to protect his supply routes. [257] Around 150 fortifications were slighted in this period, including 38 town walls and a great many castles. [243] English castles were used for various purposes during the conflict. [160] By the end of the 14th century a distinctive English perpendicular style had emerged. [312] There were numerous attempts to restore or rebuild castles so as to produce a consistently Gothic style, informed by genuine medieval details, a movement in which the architect Anthony Salvin was particularly prominent – as illustrated by his reworking of Alnwick and much of Windsor Castle. [318], During the first half of the century several castles were maintained, or brought back into military use. Castles in Ireland: Feudal Power in a Gaelic World. [168], Early gunpowder weapons were introduced to England from the 1320s onwards and began to appear in Scotland by the 1330s. 192–193; Liddiard (2005), p. 85. [279] Howard's work caused a shift in public opinion against the use of these older castle facilities as gaols. The Normans and their Adversaries at War. [129] The castle-guard system faded into abeyance in England, being replaced by financial rents, although it continued in the Welsh Marches well into the 13th century and saw some limited use during Edward I's occupation of Scotland in the early 14th century.

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