NOVEL THINKING

The mechanism of permeation and separation for xylene isomers was discussed from the standpoint of solution–diffusion model [216]. Negative deviation and both negative and positive deviations of the DSequilibrium based on the addition rule existed in binary or ternary xylene isomer mixtures, respectively, for hybrid membranes with different PGS content at 30 °C. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 23:95-107. DeCeaurriz JC, Micillino JC, Bonnet P, Guenier JP [1981]. XYLENE reacts exothermically with sulfuric acid, nitric acid, and strong oxidizing agents [Handling Chemicals Safely 1980. p. 962]. B. Pouyatos, ... L. Linda, in Comprehensive Toxicology, 2010. The three isomers, designated ortho (o), meta (m), and para (p), differ structurally only in the location of the methyl groups. For this reason, some items on this page will be unavailable. The characteristics of permeation and separation for xylene isomers through PVA membranes containing β-CD (PVA/CD membranes) were investigated by PV and EV. EV was more effective for the separation of propanol isomers through the PVA/CD membrane than PV. Primary antibody (Maspin, Pharmingen, San Diego, CA; 1:3,000). Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. Dako DAB chromogen substrate is applied for 1 min. A reversion of the preferential selectivity and a high permeation activation energy of the hybrid membrane occurred at the concentration region with high p-xylene content in p-/m-xylene binary xylene isomer mixtures.

Benzene and p-xylene: a comparison of inhalation toxicities and in vitro hydroxylations. Updates? Slides are rinsed with TBS (Tris buffered saline). For more information about this message, please visit this page: Agency for Toxic Substances & Disease Registry, Medical Management Guidelines (MMG) for Acute Chemical Exposure, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. ANSI [1971]. It is highly flammable and practically insoluble.

Activated Akt promotes cell survival by inhibiting apoptosis by means of phosphorylating and thereby inactivating targets, which include members of the bcl-2 family, caspase 9, and forkhead transcription factors (Brunet et al., 1999), among others. J.P. Dzoyem, ... U. Bakowsky, in Medicinal Spices and Vegetables from Africa, 2017, Xylene, xylol, or dimethylbenzene is known to cause severe vasodilation and edematous changes of skin as signs of acute inflammation (Tang et al., 1984). It has also been shown to confer chemoresistance in NSCLC cell lines treated with topotecan (Nakashio et al., 2000) and etoposide, CDDP (cisplatin), paclitaxel, gemcitabine, and trastuzumab (Herceptin) (Brognard et al., 2001) as well as breast cancer cell lines treated with trastuzumab (Cuello et al., 2001). The literature contains no human data on occupational exposure to pure xylene. It is derived from … Permanent auditory threshold shifts measured in animals exposed to para-xylene, ortho-xylene, and meta-xylene. You will be subject to the destination website's privacy policy when you follow the link. 302-311. More recently, Maguin et al. Irritation of the nose and throat may also occur with low-level inhalation of xylene. Particularly, the PVA/CD membrane at a CD content of 40 wt.% showed a higher separation factor for p-xylene/o-xylene selectivity than has ever been reported. It does not detect phosphorylated PTEN (phosphoPTEN). 1981]. There is no antidote for xylene.

…aromatic feedstocks are benzene, toluene, xylene, and naphthalene.

The commercial xylene mixture is a colourless, nonviscous, flammable, toxic liquid that is insoluble in water but miscible with many organic liquids. As soon as staining develops well, stop the staining by putting slides into ddH2O. If xylene is absorbed into the skin, effects such as: To prevent these symptoms from occurring, wash exposed area with soap and water for at least 15 minutes after exposure. PVA membranes containing β-CD (PVA/CD membrane) were prepared and the permeation and separation characteristics for propanol isomers through the PVA/CD membranes were investigated by PV and EV [215]. Thus, strong evidence is emerging in the basic science literature that PTEN and Akt are signal transduction proteins that figure prominently in mechanisms of carcinogenesis and chemoresistance. Our latest podcast episode features popular TED speaker Mara Mintzer. Throughout his career, he has gained experience in pharmacologic research, clinical nuclear medicine, and most recently radiation health physics.

Tertiary antibody Dako LSAB2 is applied for 30 min. 400X mag). 1938; DeCeaurriz et al. The silicalite behaves as it does when it is present as a single layer possessing low PX selectivity but it serves to reduce the loading on the ZSM-5 sublayer. Xylenes are also used as thinners; solvents in paints, inks, rubbers, gums, resins and lacquers; paint removers, and polyester fibers. Symptoms of xylene poisoning include CNS effects (headache, dizziness, (2001) at the National Cancer Institute, constitutive Akt/PKB activity was demonstrated in 16 of 17 NSCLC cell lines by maintenance of S473 phosphorylation with serum deprivation. Loss of PTEN is considered an early event in endometrial carcinoma and has been demonstrated in precursor lesions such as complex hyperplasia with atypia as well as in histologically normal endometrial tissue (Mutter et al., 2000). 2002).

1978].

Xylene is irritating to the skin, eyes, and respiratory tract. Welcome to PubChem! The membrane contactors were prepared by the casting method following cross-linking reaction with hexamethylene diisocyanate (HMDI). Such mutations have been reported in 18–55% of premalignant endometrial lesions (Latta et al., 2002) and in 50–83% of endometrial adenocarcinomas (An et al., 2002). Slides are rinsed 2× with distilled water. p- and m-xylenes were found to be the faster permeants compared to the o-isomer. Xylene, any of three isomeric dimethylbenzenes [which have the same chemical formula, C6H4(CH3)2, but different molecular structure], used as solvents, as components of aviation fuel, and as raw materials for the manufacture of dyes, fibres, and films. Antibody/peroxidase-conjugated polymer (EnVision+, Peroxidase, Mouse, Dako). number of your primary care physician so that the ED can This discovery was preceded by the discovery that there was a susceptibility gene for Cowden syndrome, an autosomal dominant syndrome in which patients develop multiple hamartomas and are at increased risk of breast, thyroid, and endometrial malignancies (Dahia, 2000). Symptoms of xylene poisoning include CNS effects (headache, dizziness, ataxia, drowsiness, excitement, tremor, and coma), ventricular arrythmias, acute pulmonary edema, respiratory depression, nausea, vomiting, and reversible hepatic impairment. Slides are dehydrated with three changes of 100% EtOH for 5 min each. The rate of conversion of m-xylene into m-methylbenzoic acid [8] and that of the conjugation of m-methylbenzoic acid … J Ind Hyg Toxicol 25(7):282-285.

Serious corrosion. The PTEN gene is located on chromosome 10q23.3 and encodes a dual-specificity phosphatase that negatively regulates the phosphoinositol-3-kinase/Akt cell survival pathway and mediates cell cycle arrest and apoptosis (Zhou et al., 2002). The film synthesis conducted with and without dibutyltin dilaurate as catalyst resulted in two series of materials in which α-CD host entities were chemically linked to PVA and physically entrapped in PVA, respectively.

Effects on central nervous functions. The PTEN protein product is expressed in inverse proportion to phosphorylated Akt in endometrial and breast cancer cell lines (Kanamori et al., 2001; Weng et al., 2001) and in mouse embryonic fibroblasts (Stambolic et al., 1998). Akt is activated by phospholipid binding and activation loop phosphorylation at Thr308 by PDK1 and also by phosphorylation within the C-terminus at Ser473 (Alessi et al., 1996). Proceedings of the International Conference, Twiku, Finland, 1975. off-gassing from heavily soaked clothing or skin.

Provide the Emergency Department with the name and the Skip to main content ... (e.g. 14. Persons exposed only to xylene vapor do not pose substantial risks of secondary contamination. 10. Add DAB solution to section and monitor staining closely under microscope. Omissions? Raw materials data handbook, physical and chemical properties, fire hazard and health hazard data. Organic solvents. These results were reproducible in transiently transfected Akt mutants. “Exposure at 1,000 ppm for 5 minutes or less will probably allow self-rescue with no irreversible injury. While the bilayer can provide enhanced stability at sufficiently low PX loadings, the membrane performance suffers under more severe conditions. Xylene is considered a central nervous system depressant, meaning it slows down the central nervous system. Smyth HF, Smyth HF Jr [1928]. ataxia, drowsiness, excitement, tremor, and coma), ventricular arrythmias, acute It is also used to make paints, epoxy resins, glues, and other adhesives. Xylene (Figure 8a) is used as a solvent in the printing, rubber, and leather industries and is one of the top 30 chemicals produced in the United States. The meta isomer, the principal component of the remaining liquid, then can be purified by taking advantage of its solubility in a mixture of hydrofluoric acid and boron trifluoride. It can cause systemic For further details on expected staining patterns and interpretation of stained tissues, see the Results and Discussion section. For example, in a PTEN-null PC3 prostate cancer cell line, adenoviral infection of wild-type PTEN results in decreased metastatic potential without significantly altering tumor size (Davies et al., 2002). Incubate slides in 80% ethanol for 30 sec. Although there are many upstream signals that may promote phosphorylation of the PTEN protein, the result of loss of PTEN expression is a diminished cellular capacity for apoptosis by unregulated activation of the PI3-kinase dependent signaling cascade, which promotes cell survival, most centrally through the Akt pathway, as discussed earlier. Breathing in xylene can cause dizziness, nausea, fainting, headache and even vomiting. Teratol. Gaoping Chen, Max M. Burger, in Handbook of Immunohistochemistry and in Situ Hybridization of Human Carcinomas, 2006. Enhanced xylene separation performance in terms of membrane selectivity and stability was observed for membranes with the two-layer (bilayer) zeolite structure. PAA membranes containing α-, β-, or γ-CD were prepared and used for the separation of o-/p-xylene mixture by PV.

. Note: Javascript is disabled or is not supported by your browser. More specifically, Akt contains an amino-terminal plecstrin homology domain that binds phosphorylated lipids at the membrane in response to activation of PI3 kinases. It has a C-terminal noncatalytic regulatory domain that contains three phosphorylation sites, at Ser380, Thr382, and Thr383, which regulate its stability and biologic activity (Torres et al., 2001).

Xylene is a powerful chemical compound that is found in many household and industrial items. Alternately to this approach, transfection with PTEN promoted sensitivity to TRAIL, whereas a PTEN mutant (PTEN-G129E) at the catalytic site was inactive in dephosphorylating active Akt. ___________;__________. Xylene These corrosion data are mainly based on results of general corrosion laboratory tests, carried out with pure chemicals and water solutions nearly saturated with air (the corrosion rate can be quite different if the solution is free from oxygen). This relationship has important implications for our understanding of carcinogenensis and for the development of novel and effective anti-neoplastic agents. This is of particular significance in lung cancer because of the relatively high mutation rates of k-ras in non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) (Huncharek et al., 1999). Of 16 cases, 14 demonstrated strong expression of phosphoPTEN, implying inactivation of this important tumor suppressor. Accordingly, Sandvik makes no warranties, express or implied, and accept no liability, compensatory or consequential, for the performance of different materials in individual applications that may be based on the information provided in this publication.

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