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Of 119 patients with contact allergy to cosmetics products 1 (0.9%) reacted to 10% linalool (De Groot et al 1988). It is also antinociceptive at high doses in mice via ionotropic glutamate receptors (Batista et al., 2008). This microorganism, the ‘linalool strain’ as it was called, was also capable of utilizing limonene (95), citronellol (19), and geraniol (22) but failed to grow on citral (23 and 26), citronellal (20), and 1,8-cineole (128). At 1.0 g/kg it produced decreased weight gain, decreased activity and erythema. Tested at 40% on 20 dermatitis patients, 97% pure linalool was not irritating (Christensson et al 2009). Four stereoisomers of furanoid linalool oxides (71a–71b′). 2010 Nov 03;15(11):7825-39 Two possibilities were proposed: (1) water elimination giving rise to a monocyclic cation (79), yielding α-terpineol (80), which upon oxidation gave oleuropeic acid (76); (2) oxidation of the C-10 methyl group of linalool (63 and 63′) before cyclization, giving rise to oleuropeic acid (76). Moreover, the additive interaction between this oil and linalool was observed against S. aureus, E. coli and C. albicans. Values represent mean ± SEM (n = 3). Metabolic pathway of (S)-(+)- (63), (R)-(−)- (63′), and racemic linalool (63 and 63′) by Streptomyces ikutamanensis Ya-2-1. (S)-(+)-Linalool (63) makes up 60–70% of coriander oil.

Planta. Our results also show the importance of carrying out transient expression analysis in the presence of the P19 viral suppressor of gene silencing.

The antimicrobial properties of mixture of essential oils with their active constituents may be used for creating new strategies to maintain microbiological purity of products. Linalool increases the activity of cytochrome b5 (Parke et al 1974a), which is part of the enzyme chain by which cells respire, but only at 500 mg/kg/day for 30 days. Biotransformation products from linalool (63) by Botrytis cinerea. In a modified Draize procedure on guinea pigs, linalool was not sensitizing when used at 10% in the challenge phase (Sharp 1978). Reproductive toxicity: Linalool was administered by gavage to pregnant rats at 250, 500 or 1,000 mg/kg/day, on gestational days 7–17. Acute toxicity: The acute oral LD50 has been reported as 2.79 g/kg in rats (Jenner et al 1964) and 2.2, 3.5 and 3.92 g/kg in mice (Letizia et al 2003a).

Four stereoisomers of pyranoid linalool oxides (82a–82b′). Linalool (63) and tetrahydrolinalool (84) were converted by suspension cells of C. roseus to 1-hydroxylinalool (64a) (from linalool (63)) and 3,7-dimethyloctane-3,5-diol (85), 3,7-dimethyloctane-3,7-diol (86), and 3,7-dimethyloctane-3,8-diol (87) (from tetrahydrolinalool (84)) (Scheme 24).39,48.

Figure 3.2. Biotransformation of (R)-(−)-linalool (63′) by Aspergillus niger ATCC 9142. Linalool preferentially inhibited growth and induced apoptosis in six types of human leukemia cells, but spared normal hematopoietic cells. Linalool increases the activity of cytochrome b5 (Parke et al 1974a), which is part of the enzyme chain by which cells respire, but only at 500 mg/kg/day for 30 days. Headspace data analysis (Fig. The other cancers were mouth, kidney, lung (H661), and bladder (Cherng et al 2007). The maximum peroxide level for products in use should be 20™mmol/L’ (IFRA 2009). The presence of oleuropeic acid (76) in the fermentation broth suggested a third pathway. A comparative trace for an authentic linalool standard is shown in (F). Hypersalivation, muscle tremors, ataxia, lateral recumbency, coma, and death were noted experimentally in three cats following use of the dip according to label directions. Different types of alcohols are found in essential oils of thyme grown in different situations. It possesses enzyme inducing and sedative properties. Scheme 19. The last pathway was also called the ‘prototropic cyclization’.11, Racemic linalool (63 and 63′) is cyclized into cis- and trans-linalool oxide by various microorganisms such as Streptomyces albus NRRL B1865, Streptomyces hygroscopicus NRRL B3444, Streptomyces cinnamonnensis ATCC 15413, Streptomyces griseus ATCC 10137, and Beauveria sulfurescens ATCC 7159.43, Aspergillus niger isolated from garden soil biotransformed linalool and its acetates to linalool (63), 2,6-dimethyl-2,7-octadiene-1,6-diol (8-hydroxylinalool) (64a), α-terpineol (80), geraniol (22), and some unidentified products in trace amounts.25,26. There were no irritation reactions.

Streptomyces ikutamanensis Ya-2-1 also converted (+)- (63), (−)- (63′), and racemic linalool (63 and 63′) via the corresponding 2,3-epoxides (70a, 70b, and 70ab) to trans- (71a and 71b) and cis-furanoid linalool oxides (71a′ and 71b′) (Scheme 22).24. Values represent mean ± SEM (n = 3). Although linalool was produced in tobacco leaves expressing ApLS1 in the absence of P19 (Fig. Sensitization was thought to be due to previous exposure to lavender, jasmine and rosewood (Schaller & Korting 1995). Linalool production was not observed in the plants expressing the GUS controls.

3.3) showed linalool production was detectable over the 3- to 14-day postinfiltration sampling period with the highest levels occurring at 5-day postinfiltration (0.46 μg gFW− 1 h− 1). But (±)-dihydrolinalyl acetate (88) was not hydrolyzed by the above microorganisms.49. It is also antinociceptive at high doses in mice via ionotropic glutamate receptors (Batista et al., 2008). The addition of 0.1% BHT or α-tocopherol demonstrates great efficiency.

(+)-(3S,6S)-trans-Pyranoid linalool oxide (82b) was not metabolized.  | 

The amount of linalool is expressed as μg (g fresh weight)− 1 (gFW − 1).

Antibiotics (Basel). After being oxidized for a period of 10 weeks linalool, now only 80% pure, formed oxidation products, including linalool hydroperoxide (7-hydroperoxy-3,7-dimethylocta-1,5-diene-3-ol) and was sensitizing (Sköld et al 2002). Linalool is a noncyclic monoterpenoid that is commonly extracted from lavender (Lavandula spp. Degradative metabolic pathway of (+)-linalool (63) by Pseudomonas pseudomallei. Mutagenicity and genotoxicity: Linalool was not mutagenic in Ames tests with and without S9 (Rockwell & Raw 1979; Eder et al 1980, 1982; Ishidate et al 1984; Heck et al 1989; Di Sotto et al 2008), nor was it mutagenic in CA tests (Ishidate et al 1984; Letizia et al 2003a), or in a mouse micronucleus assay (Letizia et al 2003a). Headspace data analysis (Fig. Neither linalool nor dihydrolinalool are protein-reactive compounds, and the sensitization potency of repurified linalool was considerably reduced (Basketter et al 2002b). Robert Tisserand, Rodney Young PhD, in Essential Oil Safety (Second Edition), 2014, Source: Flowering leaves and terminal branches. Since there was some maternal increase in relative body weight and feed consumption in the high dose group, the NOAEL for maternal toxicity was 500 mg/kg/day (Politano et al 2008). Fermentation was carried out in shake cultures containing 1% linalool (63) as the sole carbon source.

At nanomolar concentrations, linalool suppressed t-butyl hydroperoxide induced genotoxicity, both in bacteria and cultured human cells. The linalool present in each sample was quantified by measuring its m/z 93 peak against the equivalent peak of an external authentic linalool standard. Linalool was active against all of nine carcinoma cell lines tested, with the most potent activity against cancers of the cervix (HeLa, IC50 0.37 μg/mL), stomach (AGS, IC50 14.1 μg/mL), skin (BCC-1/KMC, IC50 14.9 μg/mL) lung (H520, IC50 21.5 μg/mL) and bone (U2OS, IC50 21.7 μg/mL). Linalool increases the activity of rat liver enzymes (Roffey et al 1990). During the induction phase of human repeated insult patch tests, 12.7% linalool was applied to 119 volunteers for 24 hour periods, 3 days per week for 3 weeks. Both geranium and lavender oils lowered BP in dogs when administered iv in a ‘saturated alcoholic solution’ at 1–2 g/kg (Clerc et al 1934). Quality: Orange leaf bigarade may be adulterated with the cheaper Paraguayan oil, which itself is frequently adulterated (Kubeczka 2002).

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