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[2], "Cuba: Agriculture, Forestry, and Fishing", "An Appraisal of the Cuban Sugar Industry", "From Sugar to Services: An Overview of the Cuban Economy | MR Online", Slavery in the British and French Caribbean, Coordination of United Revolutionary Organizations, Cuban Revolutionary Armed Forces (MINFAR), Committees for the Defense of the Revolution, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cuban_sugar_economy&oldid=982212120, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 6 October 2020, at 20:01. The Cuban revolution caused a severe decrease in the nation's sugar production as the government's position on some issues caused friction with the US. [6] In 1963, Cuba's trade balance was three times worse than it had been in 1962.

By 1974, Cuba's debt to the Soviet Union was approximately $5 billion. During the 18th century Cuba depended increasingly on the sugarcane crop and on the expansive, slave-based plantations that produced it. The doubling of sugar consumption in the United States between 1903 and 1925 further stimulated investment in Cuba to develop the infrastructure necessary for sugar production.

Of Cuba's $700 million imports, more than half included industrial parts, raw materials, and petroleum products - all goods that could not be obtained in Cuba.

The phenomenal growth of the sugar industry propelled a new class of wealthy plantation owners to political prominence. [8], After the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, Cuban exports declined from $5.5 billion to $1.7 billion pesos while imports fell from $7.8 billion to $2.5 billion pesos.

The island was once a world leader in sugar production and exportation. After Cuba gained its independence, the government increased its investment in the sugar industry leading to a farther increase in the quantity of sugar the nation produced.

The colonial sugar industry expanded rapidly after the Dutch took over control of Pernambuco from the Portuguese. "[7], Cuba and the Soviet Union signed a long-term trade agreement in January 1964 that allowed for the export of 24 million tons of sugar at a fixed price of 6.11 cents per pound from 1965 to 1970.

The colonial sugar industry expanded rapidly after the Dutch took over control of Pernambuco from the Portuguese. All maps, graphics, flags, photos and original descriptions © 2020 worldatlas.com. The Dutch relied heavily on slave labor to increase their production of sugar. Lifestyles were more varied in urban areas, which were characterized by substantial free nonwhite populations and considerable occupational and economic diversification. The sour relationship between the two countries resulted in the US stopping its investment in the Cuban sugar industry contributing to its decline.

Sugar is mainly grown within Brazil's southern and central regions which combined account for over 90% of the sugar produced in the country. Expanding sugar mills dominated the landscape from Havana to Puerto Príncipe, expelling small farmers and destroying the island’s extensive hardwood forests.

Rural life in Cuba was patently patriarchal, especially on the plantations. Historically, the Cuban economy relied heavily on sugar exports, but sugar production has declined since the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991. [8], Between 1991 and 1993, sugar production decreased from 7.1 million tons to 4.4 million tons as milling efficiency and crop yield declined. From 1790 to 1805, sugar production in Cuba increased by approximately 142% from 14,000 tons to 34,000 tons. The 42,426 square mile nation of Cuba earned the title as the sugar bowl of the world due to the massive amounts of sugar produced in the country.

Meanwhile, African slaves became more costly as the British navy attacked slave traders on the high seas and the United States abolished its own system of slavery. Annual sugar production grew from 14,000 tons in 1790 to over 34,000 tons in 1805. Women of the upper classes did not work, but many attained high levels of general education.

During the period 1838–80 the Cuban sugar industry became the most mechanized in the world, utilizing steam-powered mills (ingenios) and narrow-gauge railroads. Until this time, more than two-thirds of Cuba's sugar exports were to the Soviet Union and members of COMECON.

Our latest podcast episode features popular TED speaker Mara Mintzer. Other nations with a high intake of sugar include Germany, the Netherlands, and Ireland. The term sugar bowl of the world was invented to refer to a region of the world with high sugar production.

Cuban sugar producers were able to protect the national production after the Revolution, but Cuba did not reenter the US market or grow its annual production level past five million tons. The Portuguese invested in sugarcane growing for both economic and strategic reasons to protect their interest in the colony. Because the needs of their country are great, their level of sugar consumption can increase considerably over what it is now, and sugar would cost much more to produce than it costs with us. However, due to many challenges, the quantity of sugar produced in Cuba declined which resulted in Brazil getting the title. Between 1820 and 1895, world sugar production increased from 400,000 tons to seven million tons; and from 1895 to 1925, world output further increased from seven million tons to 25 million tons. The boom collapsed shortly thereafter, however, and the banks took over the defaulting Cuban sugar producers. Some 260,000 acres (1,100 km ) are planted with cassava. The demand from Eastern European states fell to just 50,000 tons by 1993. Mexican Indians and Chinese contract workers augmented the labour force, although the conditions under which they toiled were nearly as degrading and dangerous as slavery.

[5] Cuban sugar exports to the Soviet Union continued below the world price until the latter's collapse in 1991, accounting for more than 70% of its revenue.

At the same time, Cuba's sugar production increased from 55,000 tons in 1820 to almost one million tons in 1895 and then to over five million tons in 1925. In contrast, Cuba was a low-cost producer of sugar and in need of the products that the Soviet Union could produce cheaply, including oil and machinery. Additionally, the loss of the United States as a trading partner introduced high transport costs and difficulties in communication as Cuba worked to orient itself towards the Soviet Union.

The outbreak of the Haitian Revolution in 1791 influenced Cuban planters to demand the free importation of slaves and the easing of trade relations in an effort to replace Haiti as the main sugar producer in the Caribbean. [4], Due to the historical dependence on sugar, the Cuban economy was tied to external markets and price fluctuations.

This influenced the economic crisis that contributed to the Cuban Revolution of 1933. Top Sugar Exporting And Importing Countries In The World, European Countries That Are Not Members Of The European Union, The US States Most Prone To Natural Disasters.

[4], In 1920, US banks gave large loans to finance Cuban efforts to profit from a speculative boom in world sugar prices. Cassava is native to the Latin American and Caribbean region and is grown in almost every country of the region. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. The United States embargo against Cuba restricted imports to the country, including replacement parts for the primarily US machinery in the sugar grinding mills. Most of Cuba's production is used directly for fresh consumption.

The reforms of Charles III of Spain during the latter part of the century further stimulated the Cuban sugar industry.

However, the agreements also prevented Cuba from selling sugar on the world market, where the price peaked at 66 cents per pound in November 1974. [4], Cuba's independence from Spain after the Spanish–American War in 1898 and its formation of a republic in 1902 led to investments in the Cuban economy from the United States. The number of slaves also increased dramatically, from 39,000 in the 1770s to some 400,000 in the 1840s—roughly one-third of the island’s population. Population growth, urbanization, industrialization, and rising incomes in the 19th and 20th centuries resulted in an increase in world sugar production and consumption. Cuba has an excellent climate and a rich soil for growing sugar cane. Additionally, Cuba failed to increase its sugar production to the promised level of 10 million tons by 1970 resulted in the Soviet Union subsidizing Cuban sugar by more than $1.1 billion during this time. The Cuban sugar industry traces its roots to the time when the nation was under Spanish rule as the colonial masters introduced the growing of the crop in 1523.

In 1740 the Havana Company was formed to stimulate agricultural development by increasing slave imports and regulating agricultural exports. Due to decreasing sugar prices after 1963, the Soviet Union paid almost twice the world price of sugar.

However, Cuba was not paid in currency but rather in Soviet goods on a barter basis, which cost up to 50% more than similar goods from non-Soviet countries.

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