NOVEL THINKING

Charles Theodore, who had dreamed of rebuilding the Burgundian empire, realized that Joseph was not seriously planning to exchange a portion of Bavaria, or even all of it, for the entirety of the Austrian Netherlands. The regent made a treaty with the Duke of Burgundy. [1] Following the 1321 leper scare, in which numerous Jews had been fined for their alleged involvement in a conspiracy to poison wells across France through local lepers, and Charles worked hard to execute these fines. As the Duke of Bavaria, Max Joseph was the prince of one of the largest states in the German-speaking portion of the Holy Roman Empire. As a supporter of the rebellious British colonies in North America, it was in France's interest to avoid a continental engagement. As a Prince-elector and Duke of Bavaria, Max Joseph (pictured) brought peace and prosperity to his realm. In retaliation, Charles conquered the Duchy of Guyenne in a conflict known as the War of Saint-Sardos (1324). Aquitaine had been ruled by a duchess, Eleanor, and countesses had ruled Toulouse and Champagne, as well as in Flanders and Artois.

Philip the Fair was not concerned about the lack of male heirs. The greatest problem to have arisen from the crisis was the growth in independence of the lords and castellans in the lands of the royal demesne.

Charles IV (Czech: Karel IV., German: Karl IV., Latin: Carolus IV; 14 May 1316 – 29 November 1378), born Wenceslaus, was a King of Bohemia and the first King of Bohemia to also become Holy Roman Emperor.He was a member of the House of Plantagenet from his father's side and the House of Přemyslid from his mother's side, which he emphasised, because it gave him two saints as direct … Frederick of Brunswick-Lüneburg married Anna of Saxe-Wittenberg and Bernard of Brunswick-Lüneburg married Margareta of Saxony, both women were daughters of Wenceslas. [6], The following year, the feud between the nobility and plundering by robber knights continued. By the death of Philip I, this hereditary feature had become established in custom. Clause 6 in title 59, which deals with inheritance rules for allodial lands (i.e. When Joseph discovered his mother's maneuvering behind his back, he furiously offered to resign.

Maria Theresa of Austria-Este "Mary III/IV" (1849 – 1919). [70] Although the Austrian Netherlands was a wealthy territory, it was a thorn in Joseph's side, opposing his administrative and bureaucratic reforms and devouring military and administrative resources he desperately needed elsewhere in his realm.

[17], Joseph married Max Joseph's sister, Maria Josepha, in 1765, hoping he could claim the Bavarian Electorate for his offspring. In Frascati he was a frequent guest of his second-cousin Henry Benedict Stuart, Cardinal Duke of York, last member of the Royal House of Stuart. James II and VII (1633 – 1701) Duke of York and Earl of Ulster, Duke of Albany, Duke of Normandy (France), King of England, Scotland and Ireland from 1685 to 1688. Charles’s grandfather died before his birth on October 10, 1332. Despite this restructuring, there existed in the French Court at Versailles, and in France generally, a strong anti-Austrian sentiment. But Charlemagne's other legitimate sons died – Pepin in 810 and Charles in 811 – and Louis alone remained to be crowned co-emperor with Charlemagne in 813. In this letter, Isabella claimed the crown of France for her young son Edward III, King of England, and he would be regarded as the third contender: The peers and the lawyers were studying this question: can Isabella of France transmit a right she did not have?

In order to underpin the agreement, in 1374 Albert of Saxe-Lüneburg married Catharina, the widow of Magnus II. [54] Although they deployed armies three to four times the size of the armies of the Seven Years' War,[54] neither monarch used the entirety of the military force each had at his or her disposal, making this war-without-battles remarkable. For the conflicts with Lüneburg see: Elmar Peter: For the homage of the Hanoverians, see: Ernst Schubert: For the battle on St. Ursula's Night, see: Ernst Schubert: For the military disputes after 1371 and the Reconciliation of Hanover, see: Ernst Schubert: For the conflict after the Albert's death see: Ernst Schubert: For the inheritance treaty of 1389 see: Gudrun Pischke: Wilhelm, Herzog von Braunschweig-Lüneburg, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=War_of_the_Lüneburg_Succession&oldid=975370824, Wars of succession involving the states and peoples of Europe, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 28 August 2020, at 04:11.

Some supported Infanta Isabella Clara Eugenia of Spain, the daughter of Philip II of Spain and Elisabeth of France, eldest daughter of Henry II of France. Catherine II of Russia, also called Catherine the Great, feared that a war in Central Europe would destabilize the balance of power. French diplomacy, however, secured Bavaria, Portugal and Savoy as Franco-Spanish allies.

Louis XIV had only one son to survive to adulthood, the Dauphin Louis. His descendants by his original marriage to the American commoner Elizabeth Patterson, of which Napoleon I had greatly disapproved, were excluded. Charles Emmanuel IV “Charles IV” (1751-1819) King of Sardinia. To legalize the power already being exercised by the mayors of the palace, Pepin requested and received from the pope a decision that whoever exercised the actual power in the kingdom should be the legal ruler.

Philip of Poitiers was at Lyon at the day of the death of his brother. Benians, pp. Charles III (1720 –1788) King of England, Scotland and Ireland, "The Young Pretender" or "Bonnie Prince Charlie". Edward III was thus ousted from the competition, but there remained two claimants to the throne, Philip of Valois and Philip of Évreux.

In this agreement (3 January 1778), Charles Theodore ceded Lower Bavaria to Austria in exchange for uncontested succession to the remainder of the duchy. Can her son Edward claim the crown of the Capetians? "[35], A few days after Wunsch's encounter with Nauendorf, Frederick and his 80,000 troops entered Bohemia.

In preparing for a second summer's campaign, Joseph's army grew from 195,108 effectives in the summer of 1778 to 308,555 men in arms in Spring 1779. Charles IV, originally named Wenceslaus, came to the French court in 1323, aged seven, where he was taken under the patronage of the French king. [20] Charles had sent a message through Pope John XXII to Edward suggesting that he was willing to reverse the forfeiture of the lands if Edward ceded the Agenais and paid homage for the rest of the lands. [30], For four months, negotiators shuttled between Vienna and Berlin, Dresden and Regensburg, and Zweibrücken Munich and Mannheim. The French king was generally regarded as having suzerainty over Flanders, but under former monarchs the relationship had become strained. In the following months, tensions intensified. The battle was interrupted several times for negotiations, but continued until the surrender of the ducal troops. [42] Soldiers later said they spent more time foraging for food than they did fighting. He would marry Catherine, daughter of King Charles VI of France, while Charles' son, the Dauphin Charles was declared illegitimate and disinherited. On 3 January, a few days after Max Joseph's death, the ducal Equerry proclaimed Charles Theodore as Duke.

It was agreed that if Queen Clementia of Hungary gave birth to a son, Philip will maintain the regency until his nephew's majority. Thus Magnus entered into a military alliance with the Danish king. Rulers sought to centralize their control over their domains and create well-defined borders within which their writ was law. England won several famous military victories, but was unable to fully overcome French resistance. Biography Charles Emmanuel was born in Turin, the eldest son of King Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia (at the time styled "Duke of Savoy") and of his wife Infanta Antonia of Spain. [34] The news of Nauendorf's successful encounter with Wunsch pleased Joseph enormously. Philip's reign was dominated by the consequences of a succession dispute. The Franks began to adopt Christianity following the baptism of Clovis, an event that inaugurated the alliance between the Frankish kingdom and the Roman Catholic Church. Further, assuming arguendo that the treaty is valid, the repeal of semi-Salic law in Spain had broken the condition of the renunciation; the purpose of the treaty — the separation of the crowns of France and Spain — has been served, since the King of Spain is not the heir to France. Legitimists and Orléanists cite numerous examples and counter-examples of foreigners included and excluded in the French line of succession. "[11] A régnicole was someone who was naturally French or "every man who was born in the kingdom, country, lands and lordships of the obedience of the King of France. His mother enlisted the assistance she needed. However, the fact remained that the Treaty of Utrecht had disregarded the French principles of succession. [24] To protect Prussia's status and territory, Finck and Frederick constructed an alliance with the Electorate of Saxony, ostensibly to defend the rights of Charles II August, Duke of Zweibrücken, Charles Theodore's heir presumptive. In France, the origin of the appanage can be found either in the old Frankish custom of dividing the inheritance between the sons (a custom which feudalism replaced with the partage noble in which the eldest son received most of the estates); or in the fact that, at its origins, the Capetian monarchy was relatively weak, and the principle of succession by the eldest son was not secure until the late 12th century. Because they were able to worship with their Catholic neighbors, the newly-Christianized Franks found much easier acceptance from the local Gallo-Roman population than did the Arian Visigoths, Vandals or Burgundians. [34] Wunsch withdrew.

The Salic Law (Lex Salica) is a code of law written around the time of Clovis I for the Salian Franks, in Latin mixed with Germanic words. On the death of Charlemagne in 814, Louis inherited the entire Frankish kingdom and all its possessions (the concept of successional representation was not yet well-established). Even when several Merovingian kings simultaneously ruled their own realms, the kingdom — not unlike the late Roman Empire — was conceived of as a single entity. Known as the "Donation of Pepin," the gift made the pope a temporal ruler over the Papal States, a strip of territory that extended diagonally The Dauphin, in turn, had three sons: Louis, Duke of Burgundy, Philip, Duke of Anjou, and Charles, Duke of Berry. [14] Philip V had avoided a military solution to the Flanders problem, instead enabling the succession of Louis as count – Louis was, to a great extent, already under French influence, having been brought up at the French court. It also made the reacquisition of German-speaking Silesia and acquisition of new territories in Bavaria essential. 575, expands this by admitting inheritance by a daughter in the absence of sons: "if a man had neighbors but after his death sons and daughters remained, as long as there were sons they should have the land just as the Salic Law provides.

Charles IV Theodore, a scion of a senior branch of the House of Wittelsbach, held the closest claim of kinship, but he also had no legitimate children to succeed him.

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